Piciformes

Piciformes; Temporal range: Early Eocene to present
	Red-crowned woodpecker; Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricapillus; female, Tobago
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Picodynastornithes
Order:	Piciformes; Meyer & Wolf, 1810
Suborders and families
	Galbuli Bucconidae; Galbulidae; ; Pici Ramphastides Megalaimidae; Lybiidae; Capitonidae; Semnornithidae; Ramphastidae; ; Picides Indicatoridae; Picidae; ; ; For prehistoric taxa, see text
Synonyms
	Galbuliformes Fürbringer, 1888

Nine families of largely arboreal birds make up the order Piciformes /ˈpɪsɪfɔːrmiːz/, the best-known of them being the Picidae, which includes the woodpeckers and close relatives. The Piciformes contain about 71 living genera with a little over 450 species, of which the Picidae make up about half.

In general, the Piciformes are insectivorous, although the barbets and toucans mostly eat fruit and the honeyguides are unique among birds in being able to digest beeswax (although insects make up the bulk of their diet). Nearly all Piciformes have parrot-like zygodactyl feet—two toes forward and two back, an arrangement that has obvious advantages for birds that spend much of their time on tree trunks^{[citation needed]}. An exception are a few species of three-toed woodpeckers. The jacamars aside, Piciformes do not have down feathers at any age, only true feathers. They range in size from the rufous piculet at 8 centimetres in length, and weighing 7 grams, to the toco toucan, at 63 centimetres long, and weighing 680 grams.^[1] All nest in cavities and have altricial young.

Taxonomy

The Galbulidae and Bucconidae are often separated into a distinct Galbuliformes order. Analysis of nuclear genes^{[citation needed]} confirms that they form a lineage of their own, but suggests that they are better treated as a suborder. The other families form another monophyletic group of suborder rank, but the barbets were determined to be paraphyletic with regard to the toucans and hence, the formerly all-encompassing Capitonidae have been split up.^[2] The woodpeckers and honeyguides are each other's closest relatives.^[3] According to some researchers,^[4] the entire order Piciformes should be included as a subgroup in Coraciiformes.

The phylogenetic relationship between the nine families that make up the order Piciformes is shown in the cladogram below.^[5]^[6] The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela C. Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).^[7]

Piciformes

Galbuli

	Galbulidae – jacamars (18 species)

	Bucconidae – puffbirds (38 species)

Pici

Picides

	Indicatoridae – honeyguides (16 species)

	Picidae – woodpeckers (240 species)

Ramphastides

Megalaimidae – Asian barbets (35 species)

Lybiidae – African barbets (42 species)

Capitonidae – New World barbets (15 species)

	Semnornithidae – toucan barbets (2 species)

	Ramphastidae – toucans (43 species)

Evolution

Reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the Piciformes has been hampered by poor understanding of the evolution of the zygodactyl foot. A number of prehistoric families and genera, from the Early Eocene Neanis and Hassiavis, the Zygodactylidae/Primoscenidae, Gracilitarsidae, Sylphornithidae, and "Homalopus",^[8] to the Miocene "Picus" gaudryi and the Pliocene Bathoceleus are sometimes tentatively assigned to this order.^[9] There are some extinct ancestral Piciformes known from fossils which have been difficult to place but at least in part probably belong to the Pici. The modern families are known to exist since the mid-late Oligocene to early Miocene; consequently, the older forms appear to be more basal. A large part of Piciform evolution seems to have occurred in Europe where only Picidae occur today; perhaps even some now exclusively Neotropical families have their origin in the Old World.

Classification

Order: PICIFORMES

Unassigned (all fossil)
- Piciformes gen. et sp. indet. IRScNB Av 65 (Early Oligocene of Boutersem, Belgium)
- Piciformes gen. et sp. indet. SMF Av 429 (Late Oligocene of Herrlingen, Germany)
Suborder Galbuli
- Family Galbulidae – jacamars (18 species)
- Family Bucconidae – puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets (some 38 species)
Suborder Pici
- Unresolved and basal taxa (all fossil)
  - Genus Rupelramphastoides (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany)
  - Pici gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)^[10]
  - Family Miopiconidae (fossil)
  - Family Picavidae (fossil)
- Infraorder Ramphastides
  - Family Megalaimidae – Asian barbets (about 35 species)
  - Family Lybiidae – African barbets (about 43 species)
  - Family Capitonidae – New World barbets (about 15 species)
  - Family Semnornithidae – toucan barbets (2 species)
  - Family Ramphastidae – toucans (about 43 species)
- Infraorder Picides
  - Family Indicatoridae – honeyguides (16 species)
  - Family Picidae – woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks (around 240 species)

References

^ Short, Lester L. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 152–157. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
^ Lanyon, Scott M.; Hall, John G (April 1994). "Reexamination of Barbet Monophyly Using Mitochondrial-DNA Sequence Data" (PDF). The Auk. 111 (2): 389–397. doi:10.2307/4088602. JSTOR 4088602.
^ Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G.P. (2003). "Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960" (PDF). Journal of Avian Biology. 34 (2): 185–197. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x.
^ Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
^ Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021). "An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (1): 108–127. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C. PMC 7783168. PMID 32781465.
^ Stiller, J.; et al. (2024). "Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes". Nature. 629 (8013): 851–860. Bibcode:2024Natur.629..851S. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1. PMC 11111414. PMID 38560995.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "IOC World Bird List Version 14.1". International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
^ Described in 1870, its name is preoccupied by a subgenus of Cryptocephalus leaf beetles described in 1835.
^ Cracraft, Joel & Morony, John J. Jr. (1969). "A new Pliocene woodpecker, with comments on the fossil Picidae" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (2400): 1–8.
^ "CMC 152", a distal carpometacarpus; more similar to extant barbets than to Capitonides: Ballmann, Peter (1969). "Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive–Saint–Alban (Isère)" [The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère)]. Geobios (in French and English). 2: 157–204. Bibcode:1969Geobi...2..157B. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7.

External links

Tree of Life Piciformes

[EoB-1] Short, Lester L. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 152–157. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.

[Lanyon-2] Lanyon, Scott M.; Hall, John G (April 1994). "Reexamination of Barbet Monophyly Using Mitochondrial-DNA Sequence Data" (PDF). The Auk. 111 (2): 389–397. doi:10.2307/4088602. JSTOR 4088602.

[Johansson-3] Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G.P. (2003). "Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960" (PDF). Journal of Avian Biology. 34 (2): 185–197. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x.

[Hackett2008-4] Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.

[5] Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021). "An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (1): 108–127. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C. PMC 7783168. PMID 32781465.

[6] Stiller, J.; et al. (2024). "Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes". Nature. 629 (8013): 851–860. Bibcode:2024Natur.629..851S. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1. PMC 11111414. PMID 38560995.

[7] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "IOC World Bird List Version 14.1". International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 June 2024.

[8] Described in 1870, its name is preoccupied by a subgenus of Cryptocephalus leaf beetles described in 1835.

[Cracraft-9] Cracraft, Joel & Morony, John J. Jr. (1969). "A new Pliocene woodpecker, with comments on the fossil Picidae" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (2400): 1–8.

[Ballmann-10] "CMC 152", a distal carpometacarpus; more similar to extant barbets than to Capitonides: Ballmann, Peter (1969). "Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive–Saint–Alban (Isère)" [The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère)]. Geobios (in French and English). 2: 157–204. Bibcode:1969Geobi...2..157B. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7.

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v t e Order: Piciformes
Suborder	Family
Galbuli	Galbulidae (jacamars) Bucconidae (puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets)
Pici	Lybiidae (African barbets) Megalaimidae (Asian barbets) Ramphastidae (toucans) Semnornithidae (toucan-barbets) Capitonidae (American barbets) Picidae (woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks) Indicatoridae (honeyguides)