Jump to content

Balikpapan

Coordinates: 1°16′36.5″S 116°49′39.8″E / 1.276806°S 116.827722°E / -1.276806; 116.827722
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Balikpapan (disambiguation).

Balikpapan
City
City of Balikpapan
Kota Balikpapan
Central business district
Batakan Stadium
Balikpapan Regional People's Representative Council
E-Walk shopping mall
Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan Airport
Balikpapan Islamic Center
East Kalimantan Regional Police
Clockwise from top: Central business district, Balikpapan Regional People's Representative Council, Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan Airport, East Kalimantan Regional Police headquarters, Balikpapan Islamic Center, E-Walk shopping mall, and Batakan Stadium
Coat of arms of Balikpapan
Coat of arms
Etymology: Balik (Behind) and Papan (Plank)
Nicknames: 
Kota Minyak (City of Oil)
Motto: 
"Gawi Manuntung Waja Sampai Kaputing" (Hard Work until Finish)
Anthem: Himne Balikpapan
Location within East Kalimantan
Location within East Kalimantan
Map
Interactive Map of Balikpapan
Balikpapan is located in Kalimantan
Balikpapan
Balikpapan
Location in Kalimantan and Indonesia
Balikpapan is located in Indonesia
Balikpapan
Balikpapan
Balikpapan (Indonesia)
Coordinates: 1°16′36.5″S 116°49′39.8″E / 1.276806°S 116.827722°E / -1.276806; 116.827722
Country Indonesia
RegionKalimantan
Province East Kalimantan
Established10 February 1897
Government
 • TypeCity
 • BodyCity of Balikpapan Government
 • MayorRahmad Mas'ud[1]
 • Vice MayorVacant
Area
 • Total
503.3 km2 (194.3 sq mi)
Elevation
52 m (171 ft)
Population
 (mid 2023 estimate[2])
 • Total
738,532
 • Density1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Ethnic groups
List
 • Religion[3]Islam 90.50%
Protestanism 7.51%
Catholic 1.78%
Buddhism 0.95%
Hinduism 0.12%
Confucianism 0.01%
Others 0.01%
Time zoneUTC+8 (WITA)
Postal Code
List
  • 76111, 76112, 76113, 76114, 76115, 76116, 76117, 76118, 76119, 76121, 76122, 76123, 76124, 76125, 76126, 76127, 76128, 76129, 76131, 76132, 76133, 76134, 76136[4]
Area code(+62) 542
Vehicle registrationKT
HDI (2019)Increase 0.801 (Very High)[5]
AirportSultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan International Airport
Websitebalikpapan.go.id

Balikpapan is a seaport city in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Located on the east coast of the island of Borneo, the city is the financial center of Kalimantan.[6] Balikpapan is the city with the largest economy in Kalimantan with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp 73.18 trillion.[7] The city is served by Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan Airport.[8] Port of Semayang was the second busiest seaport in East Kalimantan, after that in Samarinda.[9]

With a population of 688,318 according to the 2020 census,[10] and an official estimate of 738,532 as at mid 2023 (comprising 277,458 males and 361,074 females),[2] Balikpapan is the second most populous city in East Kalimantan, after Samarinda.[11] Balikpapan has been consistently ranked as the most liveable city in Indonesia.[12][13] However, in 2022, Balikpapan conceded this to Samarinda.[14][15][16]

Balikpapan was originally a fishing village built by Buginese people in the 19th century. The first oil drilling began in Balikpapan on 10 February 1897, which was later set as the anniversary of the city. In 1899, the Dutch East Indies colonial administration granted a township status to Balikpapan. In 1907, Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM) made the city as its headquarters and imported skilled laborers, engineers, and managers from overseas. Subsequently, numerous multi-national companies came to Balikpapan to invest in the oil industry. This resulted in the economic boom of Balikpapan and attracted many migrants and expatriates.[17]

During World War II, the Empire of Japan occupied the city in 1942, as part of the occupation of the Dutch East Indies, and it was bombed by the Allies in first Balikpapan Battle in 1942 and second battle in 1945. The battles impacted critical infrastructure, including the oil refinery stations and seaport which were completely burned to the ground. Upon Indonesia's independence, BPM extended its activities in Balikpapan until 1965 when Pertamina, the Indonesian state-owned oil company, took control over the ownership of BPM and its oil exploration activities.[17]

Etymology and nicknames

[edit]

There are several popular stories and legends explaining the origin of Balikpapan:[18][19]

  • The 10 pieces of board returned to Jenebora from the 1,000 pieces requested by the Sultan of Kutai as donations of building materials for the construction of the New Kutai Palace. The ten boards that were returned were referred to by the people of Kutai as Balikpapan Tu. So that the area along Balikpapan Bay, precisely in Jenebora is called Balikpapan.[20]
  • Tribe of Pasir Balik (native people of Balikpapan) is a descendant of grandfather and grandmother named Kayun Kuleng and Papan Ayun. So that the area along Balikpapan Bay by its descendants is called Kuleng-Papan or means Balikpapan (in Paser, Kuleng means Balik).[19]
  • In other legends it is also mentioned the origin of Balikpapan, namely from a daughter who was released by her father a king who did not want his daughter to fall into the hands of the enemy. The daughter who was still a toddler was tied up on several pieces of board in a state of lying. Because it was carried away and hit by waves, the board was reversed. When the board was stranded on the shore found by a fisherman and so it turned out that there was a daughter who was still bound. It is said that the princess was named Putri Petung who came from the Kingdom of Sand. So that the area where it was found was called Balikpapan.[19]

The city has had several nicknames throughout its history such as the Oil City, City of Believers (Kota Beriman), which uniquely "BERIMAN" word is acronym from: BERsih (clean), Indah (magnificent), dan nyaMAN (comfortable).[21]

History

[edit]
Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij oil refinery, 1910s

Before the oil boom of the early 1900s, Balikpapan was an isolated Bugis fishing village. Balikpapan's toponym (balik = "behind" and papan = "plank") is from a folk story in which a local king threw his newborn daughter into the sea to protect her from his enemies. The baby was tied beneath some planks that were discovered by a fisherman. An alternative story is that, at the time of the Kutai sultanate, Sultan Muhammad Idris sent 1000 planks to aid the Paser Kingdom to build a new palace. The planks were shipped from Kutai to Paser along the Borneo shoreline by roping all the planks together. 10 out of the 1000 planks that were originally shipped resurfaced in a place currently called Balikpapan.

Oil development

[edit]

On 10 February 1897,[22] a small refinery company, Mathilda, began the first oil drilling.[23] Building of roads, wharves, warehouses, offices, barracks, and bungalows started when the Dutch oil company Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM) arrived in the area.

Second World War

[edit]
Battle of Balikpapan (1945)

On 24 January 1942, a Japanese invasion convoy arrived at Balikpapan and was attacked by four United States Navy destroyers that sank three Japanese transports.[24] The Japanese army landed and met with no opposition by the Dutch troops, which had been ordered to evacuate after destroying the oil installations.[25] In response to this, the Japanese massacred 78 Dutch POWs and civilians.[26]

Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) intelligence determined that half of all lubricating oils used by the Japanese military and 60 percent of all their aviation fuel came from refineries in Balikpapan, and it was therefore an extremely important target.[citation needed] The American 380th Bombardment Group under the command of the RAAF, including the famous B-24 Liberator Shady Lady, attacked the oil refineries in August 1943 from Darwin, Australia. Amazingly, there were no aircraft losses, despite the crash landing and subsequent repair of the Shady Lady.[citation needed]

In September and October 1944, the 5th and 13th Air Forces under the command of General George Kenney launched a series of five raids from Morotai and Noemfoor Islands.[27][28] Kenney was a strong advocate for using the powerful B-29 Superfortress for this raid but was forced to use the B-24 Liberator instead.[citation needed] Unbeknownst to the Allied forces, the Japanese Air Force had conserved many of its dwindling numbers of fighters to protect the important oil refineries. The first two raids did not have fighter cover and suffered severe losses.[citation needed]

The 1945 Battle of Balikpapan concluded the Borneo campaign and Allied forces took control of Borneo island. Extensive wartime damage curtailed almost all oil production in the area until Royal Dutch Shell completed major repairs in 1950.[citation needed]

CIA air raid

[edit]

In 1958, the CIA attacked Balikpapan and stopped oil exports. The US was running a CIA covert mission to undermine President Sukarno's government by supporting right-wing rebels in Indonesia. The CIA, Taiwan and the Philippines had provided the Permesta rebels in North Sulawesi with an insurgent air force, the Angkatan Udara Revolusioner (AUREV). On 28 April 1958, a CIA pilot, William H. Beale, flying a B-26 Invader bomber aircraft that was painted black and showing no markings,[29] dropped 500 pounds (230 kilograms) of four bombs on Balikpapan. The first damaged the runway at Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, the second set the British oil tanker SS San Flaviano on fire and sank her[30][31][32] and the third bounced off the British tanker MV Daronia without exploding.[33] Beale's fourth bomb set on fire and sank the Indonesian Navy Bathurst-class corvette KRI Hang Tuah, killing 18 crew and wounding 28.[33] Before attacking Hang Tuah, Beale also machine-gunned the oil pipes to Shell's wharf.[33]

The CIA had orders to attack unarmed foreign merchant ships in order to drive foreign trade away from Indonesia and weaken its economy, with the intention of undermining Sukarno's government.[33] The day before attacking Balikpapan, Beale had also damaged a Shell complex at Ambon, Maluku.[34] His Balikpapan raid succeeded in persuading Shell to suspend tanker services from Balikpapan and withdraw shore-based wives and families to Singapore.[31] However, on 18 May Indonesian naval and air forces off Ambon Island shot down an AUREV B-26 and captured its CIA pilot, Allen Pope.[35][36] The US immediately withdrew support for Permesta, whose rebellion rapidly diminished thereafter.

Subsequent history

[edit]

Shell continued operating in the area until Indonesian state-owned Pertamina took it over in 1965.[23] Lacking technology, skilled manpower, and capital to explore the petroleum region, Pertamina sublet petroleum concession contracts to multinational companies in the 1970s.[citation needed]

With the only oil refinery site in the region, Balikpapan emerged as a revitalized center of petroleum production. Pertamina opened its East Borneo headquarters in the city, followed by branch offices established by other international oil companies. Hundreds of laborers from Indonesia, along with skilled expatriates who served as managers and engineers, flocked into the city.[citation needed]

Geography

[edit]

Topography

[edit]

Topography of Balikpapan is generally hilly (85%), with only small areas of flat land (15%), mostly along the coast and surrounding the hilly areas.[citation needed] The hills are less than 100 meters (330 feet) higher than the adjacent valleys. The altitude of Balikpapan ranges from 0 to 80 meters (260 feet) above sea level.[citation needed] The city proper itself is located on eastern side of Bay of Balikpapan.

Most of the soil in Balikpapan contains yellow-reddish podsolic soil and alluvial and quartz sand, making it extremely prone to erosion.[37]

Climate

[edit]

Balikpapan features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af) as there is no real dry season in Balikpapan. The city sees an average of 2,400 millimeters (94 inches) of rain per year. Balikpapan generally shows little variation in weather throughout the course of the year. The city does not have significantly wetter and drier periods of the year and average temperatures are nearly identical throughout the course of the year, averaging about 26 to 27 degrees Celsius (79–81 degrees Fahrenheit) throughout the year.[38]

Climate data for Balikpapan (Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan Airport) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1999–2013)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.1
(95.2) 		36.9
(98.4) 		35.2
(95.4) 		34.4
(93.9) 		33.8
(92.8) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.6
(92.5) 		34.1
(93.4) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.4
(93.9) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.9
(98.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.3
(88.3) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.0
(87.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.1
(80.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.5
(81.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.3
(75.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.7
(76.5) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.9
(76.8) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.7
(76.4)
Record low °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1) 		20.7
(69.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.0
(71.6) 		22.0
(71.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		20.7
(69.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 195.1
(7.68) 		209.7
(8.26) 		240.4
(9.46) 		233.6
(9.20) 		239.6
(9.43) 		289.0
(11.38) 		245.0
(9.65) 		167.8
(6.61) 		148.8
(5.86) 		169.0
(6.65) 		210.3
(8.28) 		251.3
(9.89) 		2,599.6
(102.35)
Average precipitation days 14.6 12.7 14.3 15.1 14.6 15.8 13.8 10.1 9.2 11.6 13.6 16.3 161.7
Average relative humidity (%) 74 72 72 74 76 75 75 72 70 71 73 70 73
Mean daily sunshine hours 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 6.4
Mean daily daylight hours 12.2 12.2 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 12. 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.1
Percent possible sunshine 33 42 50 58 58 58 58 67 58 58 58 42 53
Average ultraviolet index 14 16 16 15 13 12 12 13 14 16 14 13 14
Source 1: Starlings Roost Weather[39]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity)[40] Weather Atlas (sunshine data)[41]
Sea temperature data for Balikpapan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 29.1
(84.0) 		28.7
(84.0) 		28.8
(84.0) 		29.2
(84.0) 		29.6
(84.0) 		29.3
(84.0) 		28.8
(84.0) 		28.5
(82.0) 		28.4
(84.0) 		29.3
(84.0) 		29.4
(84.0) 		29.2
(84.0) 		28.9
(83.8)
Source: Weather Atlas [41]

Ecology

[edit]
1995
2013
NASA satellite observation of Balikpapan deforestation

In Wain River Protection Forest, which is the main water catchment area and habitat for endangered species of Borneo, the community begins to encroach on how to burn it so that during the dry season some areas become barren and damage 40%.[42] The area of Wain River forest reaches 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres), slowly but surely continues to decrease, leaving 9,000 hectares (22,000 acres) with forest conditions that are still good at only 63 percents.[43] Residents around looked for wood to cook in the forest even though the surrounding area had been lined with wire.[43]

Previously between 2000 and 2001, illegal logging occurred in 10 to 15 points in the Wain River forest,[44] and in 2009 this forest was hit by a fire along with the Manggar River forest which made 15 hectares (37 acres) of forest area engulfed in fire.[43] The threat of coal mining from the surrounding area which provides mining permits such as Paser and Kutai Kartanegara also disrupts the border ecosystem of Wain River forest.[44]

The urban forest in Telagasari, which was inaugurated in 1996 with an area of 29.4 hectares (73 acres), has now shrunk to just around 8 hectares (20 acres).[45] The forest in the middle of this city has been surrounded by residential areas.[45]

The protected forest of the Manggar River also suffered considerable damage, which is around 60%.[46] The reservoirs in this forest are also threatened because coal mining fields and brick mills were set up so close that there was siltation of reservoir water.[47] The majority of those who founded it were even known to be immigrant communities.[47] In addition, the construction of the Samarinda-Balikpapan toll road planned by the East Kalimantan government which divides the forest for 8 kilometers across the reservoir[48] could damage the quality of the clean water reserve in Balikpapan.[49]

Forest damage resulted in Balikpapan being easily hit by floods and landslides when it was hit by heavy rains.[50] Clean water supply is also decreasing[50] because water absorption is narrowing,[50] erosion is easily to occur[49] and sediment from mining sites that flow into the river worsens[51] and lowers reservoirs,[47] coupled with Balikpapan conditions has few rivers[51] and less fertile land.[52]

Sun bear is an endangered animal and official mascot of Balikpapan

The population of the Balikpapan's mascot, the sun bear is fewer and only 50 are left.[53] This is due to coal mining which narrows the habitat of sun bears, so its are reluctant to reproduce.[54] In addition to sun bears, other Balikpapan animals that are declared endangered are proboscis monkeys, borneo gibbon, bornean orangutans, pangolin and otter civet.[55] Whereas extinct animals in Balikpapan are Bornean Banteng (Bos javanicus lowi).[55]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Map of Balikpapan

Balikpapan is bordered by Kutai Kartanegara Regency to the North, by the Makassar Strait to the South and East, and by Penajam North Paser Regency to the West. The city is divided into 6 districts (kecamatan) subdivided into 34 urban villages (kelurahan) tabulated below with their 2010[56] and 2020[10] Census populations, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.[2]

Kode

Wilayah

Name of

District (kecamatan)

Area

in km2

Pop'n

Census 2010

Pop'n

Census 2020

Pop'n

Estimate mid 2023

No.

of Sub-district (kelurahan)

Post

codes

64.71.01 East Balikpapan

(Balikpapan Timur)

137.158 60,664 90,243 102,959 4 76116 - 76118
64.71.02 West Balikpapan

(Balikpapan Barat)

179.952 83,412 94,123 97,821 6 76131 - 76134
64.71.03 North Balikpapan

(Balikpapan Utara)

132.166 123,214 169,150 188,605 6 76125, 76127 - 76129, 76136
64.71.04 Central Balikpapan

(Balikpapan Tengah)

11.074 98,552 106,952 105,749 6 76121 - 76124
64.71.05 South Balikpapan

(Balikpapan Selatan)

37.814 191,737 145,007 158,320 7 76114 - 76115
64.71.06 Balikpapan Town

(Balikpapan Kota)

10.225 (a) 82,843 85,078 5 76111 - 76114
Totals 503.305 557,579 688,318 738,532 34

Notes: (a) the 2010 populations of Balikpapan Town District are included in the 2010 figure for South Balikpapan District, from which they were later split off.

Before 1987, Balikpapan Seberang was originally part of Balikpapan. However, due to enactment of the government regulation no. 21 on 13 October 1987, most of the district (excluding parts of Jenebora and Pantai Lango villages) was transferred into Paser Regency (Pasir) and later split into two separate districts, Penajam and Sepaku (two districts are now part of Penajam North Paser Regency).[57]

Demographics

[edit]

During the Suharto dictatorship Balikpapan achieved unprecedented economic growth by attracting foreign investments, particularly in the exploitation of natural and mineral resources. The policy was heavily criticized for uncontrolled environmental damage and corrupt bureaucrats and politicians, but it significantly boosted urban development in resource-rich cities. In the 1970s Balikpapan experienced 7% population growth annually, while exports of timber and petroleum increased dramatically.[23]

The indigenous tribe of Balikpapan is the Balik ethnic group which is a minority.[58] Based on its origin, migrants come from neighbouring islands such as Java, Madura and Sulawesi. Residents mainly from ethnic migrants who have long settled in Balikpapan, namely from the ethnic Banjar, Bugis, Makassar, and Javanese. Other migrants including ethnic Minahasan, Madurese, and Sundanese.[59] At the beginning of June 2014, the population reached 684,339 people with the number of arrivals during 2012 of 21,486 people, the highest number in the past three years.[60] The number of migrants was able to exceed the number of newcomers who entered in Singapore in the same year which was as many as 20,693 inhabitants. The highest number of arrivals came from Java, which was 30%, then followed by Banjar and Bugis each by 20%, Toraja by 11%, Madura by 8%, Buton by 7% and Betawi by 4%.[61]

Indonesian Most Liveable City

[edit]

Based on Indonesian Most Liveable City Index which measured 27 indicators in every 2 years, Balikpapan is the best city for living in 2013 and toppled Yogyakarta as the best in 2011 and 2009. Balikpapan mainly maintained city management aspects and environment wellbeing.[62] As part of the Earth Hour City Challenge, the city of Balikpapan, Indonesia was recognized as the Most Loveable City for 2015. In 2016, Balikpapan was nominated for the second time as the most lovable and sustainable city, pending final judgement. However, in 2022, Balikpapan no longer in the top 10, leaving Samarinda in top spot.[14][15][16]

Economy

[edit]
Balikpapan oil refinery in 1988

Some multinational corporations operate in East Borneo. Companies including Baker Hughes (US), ChevronTexaco (US), Halliburton (US), Pertamina (Indonesia), Schlumberger (France), Thiess (Australia), TotalEnergies (France) and Weatherford International (US) use Balikpapan as their base of operations in the region. Governmental public services including Bank Indonesia, the Finance Department, Angkasa Pura 1,[63] the Port of Semayang, and several others also attract many people to work in this area.

Balikpapan has been chosen as the site of some important governmental agencies such as Komando Daerah Militer VI Tanjungpura and Kepolisian Daerah Kaltim.[64]

Balikpapan oil refinery is on the shore of Balikpapan Bay and covers an area of 2.5 square kilometers (0.97 square miles). Founded in 1922, it is the oldest refinery in the area.[citation needed] The Allies destroyed it in the Second World War and Shell re-built it in 1950. The refinery has two subunits, Balikpapan I and Balikpapan II.[citation needed]

Balikpapan I has two raw oil refinery units that produce naphtha, kerosene, gasoline, diesel fuel, and residue and one high-vacuum unit that produces 100 metric tons (110 short tons) of paraffin oil distillate (POD), used as raw material for wax factories. The wax itself has various grades and is sold domestically and internationally.[citation needed]

Opened on 1 November 1983, Balikpapan II has a hydro-skimming and hydro-cracking refinery and produces petrol, LPG, naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fuel.[citation needed]

Indonesian government and their Pertamina planning as for 2017 expanding the oil refinery including the area of Persiba Balikpapan FC (old) stadium and Pertamina residents near the refinery. Balikpapan's former mayor Rizal Effendi ask for primarily using Balikpapan peoples as worker that Pertamina needed up to 20.000 new employers.[citation needed]

Tourism

[edit]

As a coastal city, Balikpapan has many beaches, including Manggar Beach, Segara Beach, Monument Beach, Kemala Beach, and Brigade Mobile Beach near the police academy. Melawai Beach is the most popular for local citizens.

Balikpapan is a departure point for nature tourism. Wain River Protected Forest, a Balikpapan natural reserve covering 10,000 hectares and also the habitat to a number of endangered animals, like the Beruang Madu (honey bear) which are sun bears endemic to the area, Orangutans and Proboscis monkeys or Bekantan. Wain river reserve, moreover, houses a number of endangered plants. Near Balikpapan is also a crocodile farm called Teritip, in Lamaru.[65]

There is also a well-known forest site which has been developed for visitors at Bukit Bangkirai rainforest, about 45 minutes by car from Balikpapan.[66]

A mangrove forest at Kariangau is a worthwhile tourist attraction at Balikpapan. There are still some Japanese artillery sites from World War II, and there is a military monument at Kampung Baru.[67]

Panorama of Kemala Beach.

Balikpapan Botanical Garden

[edit]

It is the first Botanical Garden in Kalimantan as a part of Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain (Wain River Conservation Forest) with total area 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres) and still has orangutan, sunbear, deer, and some endemic species of Kalimantan birds.[68] Balikpapan Botanical Garden, which is located at kilometer 15 on Jalan Soekarno Hatta, was officially opened on 20 August 2014. It has 1,200 types of lowland hardwood trees, covers 309.22 hectares (764.1 acres) and is known as the "green open space" of the city.[69] At the opening ceremony, Forestry Minister Zulkifli Hasan expressed the hope that the Botanical Garden would rival Gardens by the Bay in Singapore.[70]

Shopping

[edit]

As one of the fastest developing cities in the nation, Balikpapan has been supported by the rise of shopping centers. There are six major shopping malls in town which are Plaza Balikpapan, Balikpapan Superblock, Pentacity Mall Balikpapan, Balcony City, Mall Fantasy in Balikpapan Baru, and Plaza Kebun Sayur.[71]

Transport

[edit]

Airport

[edit]
The view from the front of Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport

Balikpapan is served by Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan International Airport, which was previously known as Sepinggan airport. The airport has capacity to serve 10 million passengers per year, as well as immigration, passenger convenience, company reps offices, restaurants, shopping and many others. The airport is equipped with 11 aerobridges and four-level parking garages.[72][73]

Seaports

[edit]

There are several public and private sea ports located at Balikpapan Bay. Semayang seaport serves commercial boats to many destinations to Indonesia including Jakarta, Makassar, Manado, Pare Pare and Surabaya. In the 1990s maritime transport was very popular. Today, due to more affordable and efficient airplane travel, more people choose to fly. Taking the ferry is a main choice for traveling to Penajam. Kariangau Seaport was built to serve containers and all other industrial needs. It is located in km.13, as part of Kariangau Industrial Estate.[74]

Public transport

[edit]

There are various kinds of local transport, including angkot, ojek, taxicabs and shuttle bus service. Online transportation are also available.

Bus terminal

[edit]

The main bus terminal in Balikpapan is Terminal Batu Ampar (located in Batu Ampar, Balikpapan Utara) and one of major destination rute is Samarinda.

Balikpapan-Samarinda Toll Road

[edit]

Balikpapan is connected by Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route. From Balikpapan to Samarinda, the highway runs in parallel with the first controlled-access expressway in Borneo, the Balikpapan–Samarinda Toll Road was operational by the beginning of 2020 in section 2–4, and opened in section 1 and 5 in May 2021.[75] Balikpapan–Samarinda toll road is notoriously wasteful because it is the loneliest toll road in Indonesia,[76] costing 9.9 trillion rupiahs with a bumpy surface.[77]

Sister cities

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Cegah DBD, Arahan Wali Kota Balikpapan Rahmad Mas'ud ke Warganya: Jaga Kebersihan". 5 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Balikpapan Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.6471)
  3. ^ Banyaknya Pemeluk Agama Menurut Golongan Agama dan Kabupaten/Kota 2015 - Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Archived 26 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Postal Code, Indonesia. "Kode Pos Kota Balikpapan - Kalimantan Timur". carikodepos.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  5. ^ "Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Kota Balikpapan, Badan Pusat Statistik, 2018". Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  6. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (22 March 2014). "Balikpapan Menuju Kota Metropolitan - Kompas.com". KOMPAS.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  7. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2017). Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia 2012-2016. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  8. ^ "BRS Desember 2020". BPS Kaltim. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  9. ^ "BRS Kaltim Desember 2021". BPS East Borneo. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  10. ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  11. ^ "BPS Kota Balikpapan". Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  12. ^ "Ini 7 Kota Layak Huni di Indonesia, Nomor 4 Favorit Para Turis : Okezone Nasional". 19 March 2018. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  13. ^ "Balikpapan, Kota Paling Layak Huni di Indonesia". 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  14. ^ a b "Tinggalkan Balikpapan, Samarinda Masuk dalam Jajaran Kota Layak Huni di Indonesia". Presisi. 12 June 2023. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  15. ^ a b "Samarinda Raih Top Tier City Indonesia". Natmed. 12 June 2023. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  16. ^ a b "Lewati Balikpapan, Samarinda Masuk Daftar Kota Paling Layak Huni Golongan Tertinggi di Indonesia". Kaltim Faktual. 13 June 2023. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  17. ^ a b Magenda, Burhan Djabier (2010). East Kalimantan: The Decline of a Commercial Aristocracy. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9786028397216. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  18. ^ Maula, Amiruddin (1994). Cerita rakyat dari Kalimantan Timur (in Indonesian). Grasindo. ISBN 9789795533962. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  19. ^ a b c "Etymology of Balikpapan". ceritarakyatnusantara.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  20. ^ Wikanjati, Argo (2010). Kumpulan Kisah Nyata Hantu di 13 Kota (in Indonesian). Penerbit Narasi. ISBN 9789791682145. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  21. ^ "Balikpapan motto and seal". balikpapan.go.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  22. ^ Tranujaya, Herry (August 2014). "Minyak dan Revolusi". Vidya Karunia: 34. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ a b c Wood, William B (April 1986). "Intermediate Cities on a Resource Frontier". Geographical Review. 76 (2). American Geographical Society: 149–159. doi:10.2307/214621. JSTOR 214621.
  24. ^ Muir, Dan (1999–2000). "The Balikpapan Raid". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  25. ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "The capture of Balikpapan, January 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  26. ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "The Balikpapan Massacre, February 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  27. ^ Bunnell, John G. "Knockout Blow? The Army Air Force's Operations against Ploesti and Balikpapan" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  28. ^ Grant, Peter (29 November 2008). "Weekend Wings #28: The Balikpapan Raid". Bayou Renaissance Man. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  29. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 88.
  30. ^ Lettens, Jan (6 January 2011). "SS San Flaviano [+1958]". The Wreck Site. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  31. ^ a b David Ormsby-Gore, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (11 June 1958). "INDONESIA (BRITISH VESSELS)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: Commons. col. 202–203. Retrieved 21 November 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ "INDONESIA: The Mystery Pilots". Time. 12 May 1958. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  33. ^ a b c d Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 116.
  34. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 115.
  35. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, pp. 138, 139, 141.
  36. ^ Kahin & Kahin 1997, p. 179.
  37. ^ "Pemerintah Kota Balikpapan | Pemerintah Kota Balikpapan". balikpapan.go.id. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  38. ^ "Daylight Hours in Balikpapan, Borneo, Indonesia Daylength". balikpapan.climatemps.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  39. ^ "BALIKPAPAN/SEPINGGAN Climate: 1991–2020". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
  40. ^ "STATIONSNUMMER 96633" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  41. ^ a b "Balikpapan, Indonesia - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  42. ^ Darussalam (6 September 2001). "Penduduk Bertambah, Perambahan Hutan di Balikpapan Marak". Liputan 6. Jakarta: Liputan6.com. Retrieved 16 January 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  43. ^ a b c "Ironis, Kawasan HLSW Tersisa 63 Persen, Akibat Penjarahan Warga dan Pihak Tertentu". Sungaiwain.org. 14 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  44. ^ a b "Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain Terus Diintai". Sungaiwain.org. 2 January 2009. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  45. ^ a b Syarifuddin, Amir (2 August 2010). "Hutan Kota di Balikpapan Menyusut Drastis". Seputar Indonesia. Jakarta: Seputar-indonesia.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  46. ^ Debi (1 May 2012). "Bappeda Dukung Pengelola DAS Manggar". SmartFM. Balikpapan: Radiosmartfm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  47. ^ a b c "HLSM, Jantung Balikpapan". Sungaiwain.org. 14 June 2012. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  48. ^ Utama (22 January 2013). "Rp 4,2 T Masih di Awang-Awang". Kaltim Post. Balikpapan: Kaltimpost.co.id. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  49. ^ a b "Jalan Tol Ancam Sumber Air Bersih". Sungaiwain.org. 18 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  50. ^ a b c "Warga Khawatir Kondisi Hutan kota". Balikpapan Post. Balikpapan: Balikpapanpos.co.id. 8 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  51. ^ a b "Kaltim Bergantung Air Permukaan". Indonesia Business Links. Jakarta: Ibl.or.id. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  52. ^ "Geologi". Balikpapan.go.id. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  53. ^ Daud, Basir (10 February 2011). "Populasi Beruang Madu Tinggal 50 Ekor". TribunKaltim. Balikpapan: Tribunnews.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  54. ^ Prasetya, Lukas Adi (23 February 2011). "Tidak Gampang Beruang Madu Bereproduksi". Kompas. Jakarta: Kompas.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  55. ^ a b "Beruang Madu Terancam Punah". Sungaiwain.org. 9 April 2010. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  56. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  57. ^ "PP No. 21 Tahun 1987". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  58. ^ "Dibalik Penolakan Penggantian Nama Bandara Sepinggan". Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  59. ^ Kependudukan, Dinas. "Statistik Penduduk". Balikpapan.go.id. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  60. ^ Kotwani, Monica (25 February 2013). "More than 20,000 Singapore Citizenship applications approved in 2012". Channel NewsAsia. Singapore: Channelnewsasia.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  61. ^ Dahliyani, Wita. "Manajemen Pengendalian Penduduk Pendatang Dalam Upaya Perbaikan Lingkungan kota Balikpapan". Ipb.ac.id. Retrieved 22 August 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  62. ^ Titis Jati Permata (12 August 2014). "Malang, Masuk Deretan Kota Paling Nyaman dan Layak Huni". Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  63. ^ Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport. "Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport - Balikpapan". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  64. ^ "Kepolisian Daerah Kalimantan Timur". Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  65. ^ "Balikpapan - Wonderful Indonesia". indonesia.travel. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  66. ^ "9 Tempat Wisata di Balikpapan Paling Rekomended untuk Traveler". GoTravelly (in Indonesian). 6 August 2018. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  67. ^ "| Hutan Mangrove Center Kariangau Graha Indah". disporapar.balikpapan.go.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  68. ^ S.G. Wibisono (20 August 2014). "Kebun Raya Pertama di Kalimantan Diresmikan". Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  69. ^ "Kebun Raya Balikpapan Bertemakan Tumbuhan Kayu". 20 August 2014. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  70. ^ "Menhut Mimpi KRB seperti Garden By di Singapura". 20 August 2014. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  71. ^ "5 Mall Terbaik di Balikpapan". Gotomalls Blog. 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  72. ^ PT Angkasa Pura I (Persero). "Topping-Off Bandara Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman - Angkasa Pura - Airports". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  73. ^ "Balikpapan Pos - PROKAL.co". balikpapan.prokal.co. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  74. ^ ".::Kamar Dagang dan Industri Propinsi Kalimantan Timur::. » Blog Archive » 350 MW Listrik Dari Kawasan Industri Kariangau (KIK)". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  75. ^ North Kalimantan Province Road Map Archived 29 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine - by the Road Preservation Directorate, Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, Indonesia.
  76. ^ "Jalan Tol Ini Paling Sepi di Indonesia, Padahal Sudah Habiskan Anggaran Rp 9,9 Triliun untuk Pembangunan". Indonesia Daily. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  77. ^ "Kecelakaan di Tol Balikpapan-Samarinda KM 28, Mobil Terguling Diduga Akibat Jalan Licin". Tribun Kaltim. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

References

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balikpapan&oldid=1265358080"